Headlines 29/08/2006 The Republic
Discussion
Socialism is not dead left
of Anthony Giddens
The century post-socialist
That idea died in '89, but the values \u200b\u200bof the left survive
today does not make sense to define anti-worker policy of liberalizing the labor market. It is not right groped to give effective responses to terrorism
The revolutionary trend has disappeared without a trace, the reform turns out to be too weak
I support the creation of a unified party of the left in Italy. I do not know if you can, but I think the post-socialism must be more ecumenical
Socialism is dead. The exact date of death is known - in 1989 - but for some time his health was unstable. For the duration of its history, the very word "socialism" has been disputed and claimed by the political groups of all kinds, from the anti-communist. The history of the Left is full of endless disputes about its meaning. In the past, the main dividing line passing between the reformist and the revolutionary left.
The first did not believe in the possibility of a transformation of society through parliamentary methods. In recent times, the book by Ralph Miliband Parliamentary Socialism was considered a key text, which is widely adopted by universities in many parts of the world. According to the thesis Miliband, a socialist society could not have come through an election victory, but only for non-parliamentary way, since the socialists were to transform the state as such. Other members of the line revolutionary tradition of the Trotskyist and Leninist, while maintaining a less categorical than that of Ralph Miliband against the "bourgeois democracy."
Conversely, and from the work of Eduard Bernstein, the reformist Socialists set out to achieve social change through parliament and electoral democracy. Almost all the existing training center-left have originated from the founding figures of the same area. One of the greatest ironies of history is the fact that revolutionary socialism, determined to transform the world and apparently deeply engaged in this work for half a century, has disappeared almost without trace.
now continues to exist Only schemes that have been shown to have no future, as the Cuban one, or survives as a faint echo in countries such as China or Vietnam.
The very idea of \u200b\u200ban overcoming of capitalism through a secular political revolution has all but disappeared. The far left of today is defined only in terms of opposition - sometimes "anti-capitalist," but more often "no global". Except for radical Islam, the revolutionaries in politics no longer exists. Because the central idea that has been the driving force to revolutionary socialism, the concept underlying the very definition of socialism - the idea that an economy that is controlled and responsive to human needs can replace the mechanisms of price and profit - once tested, failed everywhere. It was the wrong idea.
The reformist socialism he believed in a mixed economy. He found it possible to harness the irrationality of the capital reserved to the State a partial role in economic life. The "key areas" of the economy - such as transport, communications, steel industry, coal and electricity - were to remain under state control. After World War II, for several decades in the West this "compromise" seemed able to function: but not through the merits of socialism itself, but for those of economic theory formulated by a liberal, John Maynard Keynes. The State was thus able to exercise a general control on the economy by adjusting the demand and the welfare provided a safety net when things were not going the right way.
Today the key question is whether this type of socialism is dead. My answer is a resounding yes: there are no exceptions to the clear, unequivocal statement with which I began this article. Most of the time, the state has demonstrated its inadequacy in the conduct direct business. On the other hand, Keynesian demand management in the sense it is no longer effective, and may even become counterproductive in the context of a global market.
What remains after the end of Socialism? Or in other words, what is left of the left? (Translator's note: in English the question is a pun: what is left of the left?) I remember the endless discussions on these topics at conferences of the 90s. The answers (at least in my view) are now more clear then. The left has survived to the end of socialism. There is a clear line of descent from socialism to the current reformist center-left parties, but in terms of values \u200b\u200brather than political. The left supports a range of values \u200b\u200bsuch as egalitarianism, solidarity, protection of the most vulnerable, as well as the belief that collective action is necessary for the effective pursuit of these goals. The concept of "collective action" encompasses not only the role of the state, but also that of other civil society organizations.
But today the left can no longer be defined simply in the same terms of socialism of the past as a way to limit the damage inflicted by the markets in society. If it is true that capitalism still need rules, now the task of governments is to facilitate a better functioning of markets, to expand their role, rather than reduce it. It makes no sense as anti-working class to challenge the policy of liberalizing the labor market, with every reason that the new Italian government is trying to carry on. The current market foreclosure work in Italy does nothing to advance the cause of social justice, but is instead one of the factors of rising unemployment, as well as exacerbate the insecurity of those who work in informal sectors and unprotected. In the Scandinavian countries, which in Europe reached the highest degree of social justice, the labor market has undergone radical reforms.
The left can no longer define itself in opposition to welfare reform. As I mentioned earlier, the welfare state was born as a safety net that takes over when you lose your job, is divorced, you get sick or get older. Some of these features remain, but today the welfare system must grow in the characteristics of a mechanism of social investment. In an era of personal freedoms and increasing aspirations, we must invest in people to help them help themselves. The school system must be radically redeveloped in order for us to deal with an increasingly competitive world, and should also facilitate access to high quality higher education, and training courses also open to older age groups.
The left can no longer be defined in terms of a classical conception of civil liberties. It is right to admit that crime and social disorder is a serious problem for many citizens. It is not the right support that immigration should be controlled, or ask immigrants to take on a series of civil liability, including the obligation to learn the national language.
is not right to try to give effective responses to terrorism. The new terrorist threats that Western societies are facing are not comparable to the time the Red Brigades, or terrorism "local" of the IRA or ETA. The new type of terrorism is more global, and potentially far more lethal. The right to feel safe from terrorist violence is in itself an important freedom, which must be weighed against the others. Finally, the left obviously can not defined in opposition to parliamentary democracy. The multiparty system has its flaws, but the alternative can not be the 'state of the people. " The popular representation of Soviet-style has proved anything but democratic. Today, the left must give his full commitment to pluralism, both politically and in the wider social context.
I welcome the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a unified party of the left in Italy. Do not know if this will be possible in practice: after all, in the past the left has been repeatedly sunk by the splits and divisions within it. But I think the post-socialist left can and should be more ecumenical than tended to be the radical left. E 'policy must continue to innovate in order to be able to carry on the values \u200b\u200bof the left in a world of massive social change. But innovation policy can only come from the free exchange of ideas, certainly not a closed dogmatism.
(Translated by Elizabeth Horvat)
Unit Headlines 08/29/2006
HUNGARY
Napolitano in '56 on the invasion was right Nenni
Roberto Roscani
"My reflection self-criticism on the positions taken by the Communist Party, and I have shared in 1956 and its public recognition on my part to Antonio Giolitti "of I was right "also act as painful and full recognition of the validity of the judgments and choices of Pietro Nenni and most of the PSI at this crucial moment." Signed: Giorgio Napolitano. Five rows
dry. Words like stones in a message that the head of state sent to Joseph Tamburri, president of the Foundation Nenni. Will be published along with the chapter on the '56 book, "From Communist Party to European socialism. Political autobiography "Napolitano (published last year by Laterza) in a book thought that the Foundation will release in late October. Why
weigh those words really coming half century after the 'facts of Hungary'? Because inside there is a combination of political awareness and participation in human that does not allow shortcuts, which prevents pretense, but that excuse does not apologize. Napolitano did not wait until 2006 to say that certain "Giolitti was right."
Twenty years ago he had openly acknowledged the reasons for his friend and comrade in the eighth congress of the Communist Party had condemned with great clarity the Soviet military intervention in Hungary against a popular uprising called the USSR "counterrevolution." Yet Napolitano in '56 it was among the first to attack the Congress Giolitti, with harsh words and a justification for Soviet military intervention as an element of stabilization international and even as a contribution to world peace. And this is an open recognition accompanied by a profound self-critical reflection in the pages of his autobiography.
"I moved then, I think, also a conformist zeal," but there is something more, grew out of that terrible mistake "to conceive the role of the Communist Party as inseparable from the fate of the" socialist camp "led by the USSR." But in these lines is also politically a step further: to agree with Giolitti in fact closed a wound inside the PCI (and conversely the way in Napolitano and Giolitti was reunified in thousands of opportunities on the Italian political scene and European). To agree with Pietro Nenni and the PSI for the positions they had taken in 1956 is to recognize a left party (the companions with whom he had formed the Popular Front) the ability to have been right. For the PSI Nennius that trial was the first breakout from the USSR, was an important step toward building a "autonomy" from the "socialist camp" and also dall'ingombrante communities.
"For me - explains Tamburrano - those words have enormous value. I know that the Communist Party in 1956 could not break away from Moscow: there were not conditions, the party would be torn. But of course with the eyes looking back now I would say: if then the PCI had taken a less marked (I think especially to the words of Togliatti, contemptuous even against what they called a tragedy all the PCI), if he had prevailed Di Vittorio, who has consistently criticized the Soviet intervention to crush the Hungarian uprising, perhaps we would have written a different story in Italy and the Italian left. " If
... if ... The 1956 and Hungary is one of the chapters on which the Communist Party and all the management teams that have gone through, it has more thought. You certainly can not go over that year (from the XX Congress of the CPSU with the denunciation of the evils and horrors chruscioviana the Hungarian uprising backed by the Stalinist Communist Party in that country and stifled in the blood of students and workers as well as communist leaders Imre Nagy and Pal Maléter) without reading it like one of those joints, those bifurcations of history. That intersection was struck by Nenni, who managed to bring the PSI (where well-Soviet members were strong, where the base was greeted with pride Lenin and Stalin gave the prize to Nenni) on the road that the PCI was only many years later took full . "The truth is that we saw little, just felt the major issues of principle - freedom and democracy - that were at stake in the proceedings on the" facts of Hungary. " Or rather we stayed in the cup in the ideological certainties ... Many years would pass before due we identify fully with the legacy of the highest liberalism and democracy rather than considered expendable, where they claim to build socialism, or merely formal rules, safeguards, procedures of political democracy. He said Enrico Berlinguer, but only in 1977 ": words of Giorgio Napolitano.
Now what was then a young leader of the Communist Party does not hide the mistakes and claims, if anything, the road (fatigue, pain, commitment) traveled along with many others is the President of the Republic. His reflection in the few lines sent to the Foundation Pietro Nenni (after many written and argued for decades) will reflect and discuss, because we are on the eve Fifty years after the celebrations of the Hungarian Revolution of '56. The Quirinale is preparing the President's trip to Budapest where he was invited for the occasion.
In Italy, where historical controversies are often an excuse for riots and lynchings by the right, someone has pretended that this road was not completed. Twenty years ago - as claimed in his writings - Napolitano acknowledged that "Giolitti was right 'today broadens the discussion to the Italian left and merits of Nenni. For critics
more "subtle" that challenge the president and those who come from the old Communist Party to call the name of the Hungarian revolution, the events you just have to postpone all'incipit Giorgio Napolitano dedicates the chapter in his autobiography to actual events: "... first there was the trauma of 1956:" facts of Hungary, the Hungarian revolution and its suppression. "
Liberation 08/29/2006
patient gave us the symbol (in spite) of Santa Maria della Pieta in Rome. Victim for more than thirty years of segragazione asylum: an agent of social redemption formidable thanks to the rehabilitation project that bears his name
The Will of Joseph F., died free from the asylum
Twenty-six years ago died Basaglia Franco in Venice, the psychiatrist whom we owe the introduction of Law 180 in Italy and the closure of mental hospitals. Four days ago, died Josephine F., historical patient psychiatric hospital Santa Maria della Pieta in Rome. Victim for more than thirty years of abuse mental hospitals, Giuseppina then became involved in a social redemption formidable thanks to the rehabilitation project that bears his name. A psychiatrist and a psychotherapist, Attenasio Luigi and Angelo Di Gennaro, the recall through a "fiction" - which includes Basaglia whose thought and practice which are still relevant today - that tell of his last wishes.
dawn on August 25 so I left without clamor, in a civilized and dignified as can be when you die. I was hospitalized at the Policlinico Gemelli, as they say, a bad bad. There I suffered but I did not suffer. Psychiatrists are quiet, not a frenzy, as they call them, my. I suffered, yes, but my suffering was once again became a pain, as it were normal, a place recognized by all as a place of healing. Despite the advanced disease as fast as a tank (I say this because even I am impressed by everything that happens far too easily in this world where you go to war to impose peace), with the doctors to do everything possible to stop it, I had the opportunity to reflect my life (I am / I of 1949). Ah, I forgot to mention that at 16 I entered the mental hospital in Rome and remained there for over thirty years. Dark years of silence, social deprivation and denial of rights, from the most basic, eating, sleeping serenely, bathing ... to the more "sophisticated", dressing decently, read, study, have relationships, in fact choose to do what most you like. My supposed-borne disease, who you remember most, the definition of which leaves time to find, can not be a justification for everything that I spent there. Then, finally, thanks to the 180, resigned from St. Maria della Pietà insertion in a large house with an "enterprise" rehabilitation, the Joseph Project, called just like me, because I had become in the meantime, do not give me the pretentious, quite "famous". Unfortunately, as you can be in a mental hospital. I was just a beautiful temper but it seemed right not to be defeated, fight with all our strength, even if you learn, against violence and abuse that I did, I felt unjust and undeserved free. Once outside, I became a victim hero, so to speak, because I helped to turn the heads of many who were near me, after all the great family of the Joseph Project. First of all, and I noticed the atmosphere great respect and emotion that lingered in my funeral, all my fellow ten-year woes mental hospitals with whom I had shared the many advances made. Also lived with them fondly Eugenio, for example, treated me like a daughter and Anna, another veteran of the Project, he greeted me with great gentleness: "Hello Josephine, sleep, sleep! ". I had never seen so serious, so "healthy and normal." Than normal in this case is not trivial, but the concept is "stock" and achieved a sense of achievement of civilization and democracy. I was also very important for the operators, who have loved me and that I loved you now know that you can redeem humanly and socially to live as if you shoot people and not beasts. To say nothing of my family, which had reconstructed a human relationship, which I had lost the taste and flavor. My sister Mary, then, a real fighter, he swore on my coffin will continue to fight because the camps do not return more mental hospitals.
These two doctors, Attenasio Luigi and Angelo Di Gennaro, Department of Mental Health ASL Roma C, I leave this my last will. They seem as good as the others I've known Democratic Psychiatry and also went to Strasbourg to say that the mental hospitals there should be no more not only in Italy but also in Europe. And I remember, I wonder if is it a coincidence that Franco died Basaglia, like today, twenty-six years ago. On a hot August day, just like me. And 'I call him a guarantee against any attempt to rethink on the 180. From wherever it may occur, even in a subtle and disguised, as when appeals are made subtle distinctions between care and support and says that caring rather than curing it means not taking responsibility for the care and healing, generating new chronicity. Well did Dr. Gabriel, who is called Joseph, like me, what has become an important director, but I remember it went to work with Basaglia, singing four to those who say do a transformative effect in psychiatry means doing especially psychotherapy. As if just to talk to some specialists can change your mind. And being in a house rather than in a mental hospital, work, love and be loved, do things, not even this treatment? That would value then the work of highly skilled workers in the departments (there are many serious and good) or Anton, Joseph, Peter, Maria Grazia cooperative Aelleilpunto in whose arms in recent years have also lived and died? If you can not talk about certain things (that do not know), it is better to remain silent. Trust me, it tells a psychiatrist that has known and suffered, not theorized and if you ask me if they are cured of mental illness, from up here I can say yes!. I greet you all with a message: it is good to look ahead but looking back and forth is even better.
Joseph F.
The anniversary - 26 years ago died Basaglia
"Madness is a human condition. In our madness exists and is present as is the reason. The problem is that the company, said to be civil, should be accepted as the reason for the madness, instead instructs a science, psychiatry, to translate the madness in order to eliminate the disease, "are words of Mark Levy MD, father of Act 180 and founder of Democratic Psychiatry, died twentysix years ago in Venice.
The first impact with the terrible reality asylums - gates, windows closed, related persons, straitjackets, chains-Basaglia him in 1961 when he became head of the Psychiatric Hospital of Gorizia. It 's the beginning to put his ideas into practice: no more physical restraint, electric shock or lobotomies. No more gates closed, no more patients treated as things, but as people. In 1971
Basaglia is the psychiatric hospital San Giovanni di Trieste. Created cooperatives of patients who work and earn, but also workshops, painting and theater experiences that continue to this day. In 1977 The San Giovanni is the first mental hospital to close in Italy. A year later, May 13, 1978, Parliament adopted the Law Reform 180 psychiatry. Finally, all the "mentally ill" come out of asylums. 'S the end of gratuitous violence, humiliation, the lack of rights. No more forced electroshock, lobotomy, confiscation of property. The unwanted, we can no longer delete or hide ourselves into a structure from which will be released only after his death. From that moment on, the madness must be recognized and accepted for.
Basaglia died in 1980 due to a brain tumor fulminans, but even today, twenty-six and twenty-eight years after the death of 180, his ideas are still alive and current. Unfortunately, there are continuing attacks in Act 180, attacks on the diagonal of others who would be hidden.
Corriere della Sera 06/29/2006
Those dark streets of complicity
Edoardo Boncinelli
Natascha was kidnapped when he was ten and eight years has been at the mercy of his captor. It was released and seems happy to be free, but to show that on balance she has behaved like a tyrant that resentment that one might expect. A story with some nice feature, among many others only slaughters and violent. Nell'anomalia anomaly. There were in fact cases of true love for the abduction by the kidnapper kidnapped girl, cases which are certainly explained. But here there is not that infatuated.
There is a distancing, a strange air of maturity, an absence, at least apparently, hatred towards those who did suffer a report extorted and distorted over the years the bloom of her womanhood. How to explain? In human love affair contribute two essential components: the purpose of sexual reproduction and a slow process of mutual attachment which finds its model in the relationship between parent and child, especially between mother and son. The maternal attitude towards children and filial to his parents is present in many animal species more or less close to us. Is the nodal center of the so-called 'care parents' behaviors of parents towards their children that include nutrition, protection, education and even the provision of a sense of security, which is essential in order to grow well. This privileged climate usually loosens and dissolves after the children began to "walk with his legs."
Our "puppies" but they remain so for a period much longer than everyone else and keep for a long time, somatically and psychologically, many of the characteristics typical of young specimens of other species. It 's why we developed this particular form of mutual affection between men and women, and sometimes even between individuals of the same sex, which we call love romantic. In this report, each person tends to behave like a child than the partners. But because the two can not both act like children, in some circumstances it happens that the man is the son and the woman's mother and other parties are reversed.
This game usually lasts a lifetime, but it is in the teens or those immediately following that is being developed. Which is the age at which according to the Greeks of the classical the best young people were forming "shadow" of a driving safer and more experienced. Natascha has had to live those years in prison and a state of awe, but obviously the Wolfgang was in a particular way, a way that has hurt and scorned, but not torn. She has thus had a sort of 'sentimental education', abnormal and reprehensible as it was, but that did not prevent the development of a sort of complicity and understanding almost even on his part. In the recesses of the "jumble of the human heart" of Manzoni in free Natascha has surfaced then a glimmer of maternal behavior toward the child-loving, but basically in need of protection.
Corriere della Sera 06/29/2006
The writings of Schopenhauer's pessimistic
BEYOND THE GAME OF SHADOWS
Paola Roe
curious fate, that of Schopenhauer: he and it was decided that it was systematic philosopher, as to require the reader to the exact order in which to address his writings, in his own lifetime had most of his late success is not so powerful architecture of the World as Will and Idea, as the
Sparkling aphoristic style of Parerga and Paralipomena, where the rigor of metaphysical speculation gives way to that topic so often the field lightning strikes as a foil, which gives him a place of honor in the tradition of the great moralists.
of this second line, seemingly more eccentric and rambling, also belong to the small gems that Franco Volpi is pulling out of the mine and the posthumous papers of the last of which is precisely the short collection of senility now published in translation of John Giurisatti (Arthur Schopenhauer, The art of aging, published by Adelphi , pp.112, € 8).
The basic theme, as is clear from the title, is old age, or more precisely the age which is presented to a master of pessimism and inveterate misanthrope from an early age, which comes to peacefully cross the threshold of seventy refusing haughty fearlessness with every comfort of a religious nature. There is little illusion that man is nothing but a "no living", condemned to live for a few years of this hell that the world is playing the dual role of blood and bloody hell torturer, in those circumstances, it is futile to presume to be able to transfer weapons and baggage, in some afterlife what we are used to define our individuality, though no doubt it would be nice 'lead intact in the greek world that we have learned in this '.
Yet, even as he shows us the vanity of the most common human hopes, Schopenhauer there points to another, drawn from the very heart of his system: the hope, indeed, the firm conviction that "everything that passes never really existed 'and that our deepest essence is not the same as in us is subject to time. Now we understand better, the serenity of this old: is that of someone who does not seek immortality beyond, in a chimerical future life, but knows that they carry, in the center of his being.
the bottom is as easy to look away from the game of mirrors that project the time and space around us, to get behind the phantasmagoria of ephemeral phenomena the eternal, the only reality of the "thing in itself", then we discover that the " ridiculous claim "of immortality is really answered, but" only thanks to the fact that individuality is a mere appearance 'and' what remains unchanged and always the same, and does not age over the years, is precisely the core of our essence, which is not in time and for This is indestructible. "
According to the individual thinker is mere appearance
Corriere della Sera 29/06/2006
In the "stone wall" the philosopher analyzes the contradiction between pain and hope of salvation
Severino and the paradox of Dostoevsky
The choice between Christ and the truth: a reading against
Armando Torno
B isogna admit that in Italy today are scarce philosophers. The majority of the characters which is identified with the noble title is composed of jovial traders scribbled ideas, sometimes they teach and they're doing more or less decent, a little share is also that of television fops, that drag from one network to another so as not to forget their faces. Among the other medium and lowly categories there also were those who try to dress up as philosophers and being ready to add a review to everything that happens: they are the heirs of the 'intellectuals' of '68, which increased with beard and authoritative purpose of fighting. Then there are the pathetic, the discoverers of hot water, the altar boys of thought that shape their genuflections to the problem. And so on, between prone and supine entertainers of all kinds.
All people who do evil, but as I say, is often ignorant, annoying and few, if not very few, can read the true masters of the original texts. Trouble is, circulating translations shaky and improvised in other times would have caused duels to the death. Patience. Using an expression of popular will say that "goes like this."
Do not ask us to provide you, dear readers, a list of exceptions. Who writes the report card ever made in his life and do not want to start now. However, it is certain that Italian is one of the few philosophers Emanuele Severino, who writes more than half a century reference pages, is translated into several languages \u200b\u200band is not compromised with the current climate (or pulling).
His works now are divided into two categories: theoretical, leaving in the series of philosophical Adelphi (where The youth also have been reprinted), and the popular (born from articles, essays, lectures or prefaces) that are almost all published by Rizzoli. In these days see the light, just by Rizzoli, the stone wall, the last collection which bears the subtitle "the sunset of the philosophical tradition" (p. 206, and 19). The book closes a trilogy that began with Islam
Prometheus (2003) and continued with Be Born (2005). Among the ten essays it contains - true fitness to think - it seems that two unpublished offer ideas in the search path of Severino. This is from the stone wall and de The ontological difference. Let's start
by the latter. These are pages where Severino down into the ground, unconscious, or rather, the philosophy of Heidegger, passing through the atoms, namely those thinkers who are among the founders of materialism. He notes - it also refers to Aristotle - that Leucippus and Democritus, the first teachers of this school, "the vacuum", a statement equivalent to "nothing is." On the one hand, the vacuum being separated from itself, projecting it into the manifold, and second is the condition of the possibility of becoming. Severino writes: "For the first time explicitly, to make the allegation of becoming, the states atomism, then, that nothing is." In
fascinating analysis that follows, we highlight the attempt by Plato and Aristotle, to avoid the consequences of this statement, then you remember that Nietzsche was the first to argue that if there is a becoming a God can not be fully and finally that Heidegger reads an opening - after being identified with the emptiness and nothingness - in his speech that suggests the possibility of God but is not something subtle or veiled. To get an idea, just note that Severino believes that Heidegger is closer to God than to Kant.
But the novelty of the book is Dostoevsky's philosophical analysis, implemented through the letter of 1854 to Natalia Dimìtrievna Fonvìzina (Where the writer says that if you had to choose between truth and Christ, would prefer the latter), then with a few pages of the Memoirs of the soil, finally and above all with the last of the great Russian masterpiece, The Brothers Karamazov.
Dostoevsky is considered - such as Aeschylus and Leopardi - a philosopher and his analysis of the pain is viewed in the perspective of becoming. Let's try to translate everything in simple terms: if the world is evidence of the pain, then you can not talk about future redemption in a composition made by God in the Kingdom of Heaven, because this pain that affects a child no one can delete it a time to come. Suffering is one of the emerging forms becoming, and if there was redemption in the future, it would be a joke against the real pain that the man continues to try.
It must be added that "stone wall" is an expression that appears in the Memoirs of the subsoil and the theory is incontrovertible and absolute, or rather the "two plus two equals four." Shestov - which has just published the fundamental Bompiani Athens and Jerusalem - believed that the 'stone wall' and the 'principle of non-contradiction "which was formulated in the fourth book of Aristotle's Metaphysics, Severino added that in the abovementioned letter to Fonvìzina the "stone wall" should be translated as "truth." But we know Dostoevsky that choosing Christ over truth. Or do you prefer to theories that philosophy has, and continues to develop, on it?
Corriere della Sera 08/29/2006
The blitz of 10 August
"Those arrested in London were not ready to hit" The New York Times attacks the theory of a plot
Alessandra Farkas
NEW YORK - The British and American authorities had spoken of a "mass murder on an unimaginable scale", "far more catastrophic September 11", "close to the run." But to remove the "mountain of evidence" gathered last August 10 by British police on the alleged terrorist plot to blow up, with liquid explosives, ten aircraft in flight, potentially on American cities, is the New York Times.
In an article by Don Van Natta, Elaine Wax and Stephen Grey, the American daily, for months engaged in a standoff with the Bush administration, suggests that "if it ever really existed, the plan of the bombers was not nowhere near implementation. "
"The suspects were not immediately ready to strike" the newspaper revealed five senior British officials.
"Despite the charges - The New York Times, the British authorities are still not sure that among the suspects Technically there was someone capable of putting together and detonate liquid onto an airplane in flight. "
The New York Times had already raised similar doubts last August 14 in an editorial, where Paul Krugman argued that "the British wanted to wait, but the Americans have pushed for it to go forward." A thesis far more detail in the report yesterday, at first published only on the printed version distributed in the U.S.. "The spread on the internet has been delayed temporarily on the advice of the legal department - said in a statement of direction -. British law prohibits the publication of information which may affect a lawsuit pending. "
Liberation 29/08/2006
Modigliani, art at the expense of the life of Paul in
An exhibition reveals the contrast between the serenity of his pictures self-destructive impulse of his life. With her friends had conflicting reports but nothing transpires in the balance of human figures. At the Royal Academy of Arts in London until October 15
London. Destined to a life of bohemian legend. Poverty, disease, despair relationships, drugs and alcohol. Because life is not worth the pursuit of their art and the art is worth the loss of life. Yet the contrast is strong between the serenity of the paintings of Modigliani and his life devoted to self-destruction. Thora Klinchowström, a model for one of the last paintings, shows that Modigliani did not stop a moment to drink, coughing, spitting blood, while he painted. But the calmness of the painted figure is solemn. Everything is balanced. Softness of the colors in the call between background and figure and that meat which absorbs light and glows in simplicity, which is perhaps the greatest gift of Modigliani. Make it simple.
At a time when the modernist yearning led to distortion, its distortion is minimal in comparison, aimed at an aesthetic where balance is everything. In art, not in life. In the repetition of the poses, the inclination more of the face or one arm raised, create a new dynamic. The sublime is to be sought in further detail. Balance between classic and new. No revolution. Only a refinement of new stimuli, cubist, neoafricane, drawn in the ferment of a volcanic Paris, where, despite the First World War in progress, the art world would sit in cafes, hashish is stunning, it is drowning in to create modern art. Modern art as a result of a collective hangover, or, as Duchamp says, of "the first truly international art group."
Modigliani is a painter of human beings. Like every artist is nourished by his surroundings. But his hunger was of people to be swallowed up in the service of art. Put down or held up on a background minimum. Never in a context. To limit the door of his study, the last period, a balance of functional geometries, a blend of colors. Yet it is Modigliani portrait. At least not in the sense of compromising their marketability in the service of clients. Models, however, needed. He painted friends, artists, gallery owners and their relatives and acquaintances. And they wrote the name on the canvas.
for his nudes was the art dealer Zborowski to procure models. And a salary. It is said that the key to shut the studio, and expect the picture. But the nudes are nameless. There are also female forms the service of his classics. You can see the body of Titian in those meat filled with colors so vivid. Modigliani is a painter of the flesh. There is no personality in women, no biographical reference, only the form, stylized and yet soft. None of his companions was painted naked.
Beatrice Hastings was a poet who wrote in Paris for a British magazine. A sullen personality. A relationship with Modigliani, between '14 and '16 where alcohol and quarrels abound. It tells of a quarrel which ended with the poet flung out the window. There is no trace of this on canvas. His physical traits recognizable aesthetic traits included in the painter should be pursuing. There is no psychological interest of truth, in Modigliani. Life, not only his but that of those shows is one thing. Another thing is art. In 1918
Zborowski organized a stay of Modigliani, with his partner Jeanne Hebuterne, Cote d'Azur. Health deteriorates. There are friends, artists and models. The lack of subject leads him to the locals, farmers, children. Without social intent. There is only the need for forms. Need people to continue to nourish his art to be attained in its perfection. That is, it is stated in the catalog, "long neck and sloping faces oval, oblong and flat, almond-shaped eyes, small lips and well defined. Figure set on a perfect S. Long lines. The background colors have a deep bond with the colors of the characters. " With these abstract patterns are painted his last major models, Hanka Zborowski, wife of art dealer, Lunia Czechowska, Zborowoski host family, and still Hébuterne, with whom Modigliani had already had a daughter. Hébuterne was 19 when he met Modigliani. She was beautiful, young, a bit 'timid, gentle and docile, it is described. As a good Catholic family. It 's a total love, and ill. Modigliani was handsome man, handsome, polite even when drunk. Him accept it. Seems to embody the figure of the lamb destined to sacrifice for Modigliani. In the paintings there is only sweetness. No trace of the real life of the artist's mood swings, where the affection alternating irritation for the unconditional submission of the girl. You exist for him. For his art and has already learned all lost in a teenage world. Do not even call a doctor when Modigliani was unconscious for two days. There is no alternative. There is no happy ending, even redemption. The story is well known. Two days after Modigliani's death, eight months pregnant, at age 22, kills himself.
The latest model of Modigliani is just himself. Him so reluctant to have his picture taken, choose their own person for the last of his paintings. The most symbolic. A self-portrait. In the background, still, it seems a door, but the balance of the composition, this time, is biased towards the left, toward the exit. The legs of the painter is already over. The palette is the limit. The rest of the body is following. Death is already there and he is aware, to meet him. As an artist. I gave, I'm leaving.
His works seem to speak of a man who loved people. Lying. Modigliani people needed to pay his personal tribute to the art and the life of 35 years are enough. This works not lie. Sober and saturated together in perfect balance in imbalance of too bent shoulders, necks are too long, oval faces, too, give off a simple feeling of solemnity. And beauty.
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